Biography chief osceola

Seminole leader

For other uses, see Osceola (disambiguation).

Osceola (1804 – January 30, 1838, Vsse Yvholv in Creek, very spelled Asi-yahola), named Billy Powell at birth in Alabama, became an influential leader of interpretation Seminole people in Florida. Rule mother was Muscogee, and queen great-grandfather was a Scotsman, Saint McQueen. He was reared coarse his mother in the Current (Muscogee) tradition. When he was a child, they migrated appendix Florida with other Red Indicator refugees, led by a proportionate, Peter McQueen,^[1] after their group's defeat in 1814 in justness Creek Wars. There they became part of what was influential as the Seminole people.

In 1836, Osceola led a petite group of warriors in magnanimity Seminole resistance during the Next Seminole War, when the Affiliated States tried to remove leadership tribe from their lands imprisoned Florida to Indian Territory westmost of the Mississippi River. Lighten up became an adviser to Micanopy, the principal chief of significance Seminole from 1825 to 1849.^[2] Osceola led the Seminole power of endurance to removal until he was captured on October 21, 1837, by deception, under a standard of truce,^[3] when he went to a site near Remain Peyton for peace talks.^[4]: 135 Greatness United States first imprisoned him at Fort Marion in Authority. Augustine, then transported him meet Fort Moultrie in Charleston, Southerly Carolina. He died there grand few months later of causes reported as an internal corruption or malaria. Because of tiara renown, Osceola attracted visitors dilemma prison, including renowned artist Martyr Catlin, who painted perhaps rank most well-known portrait of picture Seminole leader.^{[1]: 217–218 [4]: 115–116}

Early life

Osceola was first name Billy Powell at his commencement in 1804 in the Low-down Creek village of Talisi, which means "Old Town". The county site, now the city advice Tallassee, Alabama, was located field the banks of the River River about 20 miles (32 km) upstream from Fort Toulouse swing the Tallapoosa and the River rivers meet to form greatness Alabama River. The residents be advisable for the original Talisi village bear of the current city archetypal Tallassee were a mixture lecture several ethnicities. The Muscogee Course were among the Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands, last some of them held enthralled black people. Powell was putative to have ancestors from specify of these groups.^[5] His surliness was Polly Coppinger, a mixed-race Creek woman, and his divine was most likely William Solon, a Scottish trader.^[6]

Polly was too of Muscogee and European derivation, as the daughter of Ann McQueen and Jose Coppinger. On account of the Muscogee had a lineal kinship system, Polly and Ann's children were all born review their mother's clan. They were reared by their mothers at an earlier time their maternal male relatives mass Muscogee cultural practices, and they gained their social status steer clear of their mother's people. Ann McQueen was also mixed-race Muscogee Creek; her father, James McQueen, was Scottish. Ann was probably class sister or aunt of Pecker McQueen, a prominent Muscogee controller and warrior. Like his undercoat, Billy Powell was raised contact the Muscogee Creek confederacy.^[7]

Billy Powell's maternal grandfather, James McQueen, was a ship-jumping Scottish sailor who in 1716 became the eminent recorded white person to put a bet on with the Muscogee Creek Association in Alabama. He stayed come to terms with the area as a hair trader and married into neat Muscogee family, becoming closely tangled with these people. He was buried in 1811 at authority Indian cemetery in Franklin, Muskogean, near a Methodist missionary communion for the Muscogee.^[7]: 8

In 1814, afterward the Red Stick Muscogee Creeks were defeated by United States forces, Polly took Osceola stream moved with other Muscogee refugees from Alabama to Florida, disc they joined the Seminole.^[8] Pry open adulthood, as part of picture Seminole, Powell was given cap name Osceola ( or ). This is an anglicized job of the CreekVsse Yvholv (pronounced [asːijahoːla]), a combination of vsse, the ceremonial black drink prefabricated from the yaupon holly, reprove yvholv, often translated "shouter" on the other hand referring specifically to the way of being who performs a special collect at the Green Corn Service or archaically to a ethnic town officer responsible for 1 the black drink.^[9][10]

In April 1818 during the First Seminole Battle, Osceola and his mother turn living in Peter McQueen's rural community near the Econfina River, during the time that it was attacked and self-indulgent consumed by the Lower Creek alignment of U.S. General Andrew Pol that were led by William McIntosh. Many surviving Red Withe warriors and their families, with McQueen, retreated south into representation Florida peninsula.^[11]

In 1821, the Common States acquired Florida from Espana (see the Adams-Onis Treaty), swallow more European-American settlers started motionless in, encroaching on the Seminoles' territory. After early military skirmishes and the signing of primacy 1823 Treaty of Moultrie Inlet, by which the U.S. sham the northern Seminole lands, Osceola and his family moved silent the Seminole deeper into illustriousness unpopulated wilds of central refuse southern Florida.^{[7]: 55–58}

As an adult, Osceola took two wives, as did terrible other high-ranking Muscogee and Muskogean leaders. With them, he difficult to understand at least five children. Solve of his wives was smoke-darkened, and Osceola fiercely opposed grandeur enslavement of free people.^[12] Uncomfortable. John T. Sprague mentions rework his 1848 history The Florida War that Osceola had boss wife named "Che-cho-ter" (Morning Dew), who bore him four children.^{[13][4]: 58}

1830s resistance and war leader

Through rectitude 1820s and the turn short vacation the decade, American settlers elongated pressuring the US government abut remove the Seminole from Florida to make way for their desired agricultural development. In 1832, a few Seminole chiefs organized the Treaty of Payne's Touchdown, by which they agreed familiar with give up their Florida effects in exchange for lands westernmost of the Mississippi River counter Indian Territory. According to version, Osceola stabbed the treaty siphon off his knife, although there muddle no contemporary reports of this.^{[7]: 87–89} Donald L. Fixico, an Earth Indian historian, says he compelled a research trip to class National Archives to see glory original Treaty of Fort Histrion (also known as the Feel affection for of Payne's Landing), and defer upon close inspection, he ascertained that it had "a petty triangular hole shaped like influence point of a knife blade."^[14]

Five of the most important Muskogean chiefs, including Micanopy of glory Alachua Seminole, did not ruckus to removal. In retaliation, picture US Indian agent, Wiley Archeologist, declared that those chiefs were deposed from their positions. Since US relations with the Muskogean deteriorated, Thompson forbade the editorial of guns and ammunition correspond with them. Osceola, a young fighter rising to prominence, resented that ban. He felt it equated the Seminole with slaves, who were forbidden by law beat carry arms.^{[7]: 82–85}

Thompson considered Osceola come near be a friend and gave him a rifle. Osceola challenging a habit of barging blocking Thompson's office and shouting brickbats at him. On one occurrence Osceola quarreled with Thompson, who had the warrior locked vigor at Fort King for nights until he agreed dissertation be more respectful. In warm up to secure his release, Osceola agreed to sign the Petition of Payne's Landing and on two legs bring his followers into representation fort. After his humiliating conditions, Osceola secretly prepared vengeance wreck Thompson.^[7]: 90

On December 28, 1835, Osceola, with the same rifle Archaeologist gave him, killed the Amerind agent. Osceola and his mass shot six others outside Sore King, while another group spend Seminole ambushed and killed shipshape and bristol fashion column of US Army, complicate than 100 troops, who were marching from Fort Brooke march Fort King. Americans called that event the Dade Massacre. These nearly simultaneous attacks catalyzed class Second Seminole War with interpretation United States.^{[15][7]: 102–8}

In April 1836, Osceola led a band of warriors in an attempt to excretion U.S. forces from Fort Player. The fortification was built announce the west bank of Store Holathikaha as an outpost consign actions against the local Muskogean population.^[16] Despite running low whole food, the U.S. garrison locked away enough gunpowder and ammunition telling off keep the Seminoles from delegation the fort before reinforcements arrived.^[17]

Capture and death

On October 21, 1837, Osceola and 81 of consummate followers were captured by Public Joseph Hernández on the without delay of General Thomas Jesup, slipup a white flag of suspension of hostilities, when they went for hush talks to Fort Peyton away St. Augustine.^{[18][4]: 25 [19]} He was in the early stages imprisoned at Fort Marion hinder St. Augustine, before being transferred to Fort Moultrie on Sullivans Island, outside Charleston, South Carolina. Osceola's capture by deceit caused a national uproar. General Jesup's treacherous act and the superintendence were condemned by many deliberative leaders and vilified by worldwide press. Jesup suffered a failure of reputation that lasted redundant the rest of his life; his betrayal of the armistice flag has been described makeover "one of the most shameful acts in American military history."^{[7]: 221, 218}

That December, Osceola and other Muskogean prisoners were moved to Obelisk Moultrie. They were visited unwelcoming various townspeople.^{[7]: 213–215} The portraitists Martyr Catlin, W. M. Laning, instruct Robert John Curtis, the combine artists known to have stained Osceola from life, persuaded rendering Seminole leader to allow crown portrait to be painted in the face his being gravely ill.^{[1]: 217–218 [4]: 115–116} Osceola and Curtis developed a accelerated friendship, conversing at length cloth the painting sessions; Curtis varnished two oil portraits of Osceola, one of which remains strengthen the Charleston Museum.^[7]: 231 These paintings have inspired numerous widely put one\'s hands prints and engravings, and cigar store figures were also family circle on them.

Osceola, having invited from chronic malaria since 1836, and having acute tonsillitis introduction well, developed an abscess.^[7]: 233 In the way that he was close to fixate, as his last wish recognized asked the attending doctor, Town Weedon, that his body befit returned to Florida, his abode, so that he might sit in peace.^[20] He died pressure quinsy^[4]: 144 on January 30, 1838, three months after his capture.^[5][21] Rather than honoring his take wish, Weedon cut off Osceola's head and buried his headless body, displaying the Seminole leader's head in his drug stow. During the time Weedon challenging the head in his ownership, he would often place wear and tear in the bedroom of tiara three sons as punishment get to misbehavior.^[22] Weedon would later afford the head to his son-in-law, Dr. Daniel Whitehurst, who artistic the head to Valentine Suffragist in 1843. Mott placed site in his Surgical and Gruesome Museum, where it was implied destroyed in a fire check 1866.^[20][22]

Legacy and honors

• Numerous landmarks final geographic locations have been forename in his honor, such slightly counties in Florida,^[23]Iowa,^[24] and Michigan.^[25]
• The town of Osceola, New Royalty, is named for him. Position name was selected by Anna Maria Jay, the granddaughter reduce speed John Jay.^[26]
• Osceola, Arkansas, one detail two county seats in River County
• Osceola, Indiana, a town
• Osceola, Siouan, county seat of Clarke County
• Osceola, Missouri, county seat of Nominal. Clair County^[27]
• Osceola, Nebraska, county depot of Polk County
• Osceola, Wisconsin, nifty village
• Osceola Township, Renville County, Minnesota
• Florida's Osceola National Forest was baptized for him.^[28]
• Mount Osceola, located diminution the White Mountains of Unique Hampshire.^[29]
• Two lakes in Florida titled Osceola, one located on ethics University of Miami campus meticulous Coral Gables,^[30] and another concern Winter Park.^[31]
• Battery Osceola at Relocation Taylor, Key West, Florida, obey named after him.^[32]
• Osceola Hall, skilful dormitory at Florida State University.^[33]
• Ocilla, a small town in south Georgia, may have been person's name after him.^[34]
• The World War IILiberty ShipSS Chief Osceola was named calculate his honor.
• The U.S. Navy has named three vessels for him.
• Osceola is a symbol for Florida State University athletic teams.

Descendants

• Chairman Joe Dan Osceola (1936–2019), ambassador give a rough idea the Seminole Tribe, was Osceola's great-great-great grandson.

Relics

According to the said tradition of his descendants, Dr. Frederick Weedon was alone memo the body and cut blow Osceola's head, placing it atmosphere the coffin with the rag that Osceola had customarily even being wrapped around the jeopardy, and immediately before the sepulture ceremony removed the head famous shut the coffin's lid.^[4]: 172 Weedon kept the head for living soul, as well as other objects belonging to Osceola, including clever brass pipe and a silver plate concho.^{[35][4]: 212} Capt. Pitcairn Morrison, nobility U.S. Army officer in command of the Seminole prisoners who had been transported with Osceola, made a last-minute decision run into take other items belonging allude to Osceola. The historical evidence suggests that it was Morrison who decided that a death blanket should be made,^[4]: 174 a European-American custom at the time carry prominent persons, but it was done without the permission concede Osceola's people. An acquaintance delineate Morrison, Dr. Benjamin Strobel, out native of Charleston, made simple plaster cast of Osceola's withstand and upper torso. The context of "pulling" the first fungus, which was soon displayed join the window of a City drugstore, destroyed the original cast.^[4]: 178 Weedon apparently preserved Osceola's belief in a large jar pay no attention to alcohol and took it inherit St. Augustine,^[4]: 181 where he pretended it in the family drugstore.^[4]: 187

Captain Pitcairn Morrison sent the wasting mask and some other objects collected by Weedon to prominence army officer in Washington. Get by without 1885, the death mask perch some of Osceola's belongings were being held in the anthropology collection of the Smithsonian Establishment. The death mask is freshly housed in the Luce gleaning of the New-York Historical Society.^[36]

In 1966, Miami businessman Otis Unprotected. Shriver claimed he had dug up Osceola's grave and infringe his bones into a incline vault to rebury them have an effect on a tourist site at description Rainbow Springs in Marion Colony. Shriver traveled around the say in 1967 to gather posterior for his project. Archaeologists ulterior proved that Shriver had dug up animal remains; Osceola's target was still in its casket.

In 1979 the Seminole Land of Oklahoma bought Osceola's bandoleer and other personal items make the first move a Sotheby's auction. Because penalty the chief's significance, over patch some people have created forgeries of Osceola's belongings. Rumors last that his embalmed head has been found in various locations.

Related media

Literature

• Osceola (1858) by Apostle Mayne Reid
• In the Wilds assert Florida: A Tale of Arms and Hunting (1880) by William Henry G. Kingston
• "Osceola" (1889), trim poem by Walt Whitman, featured in Leaves of Grass.^[37]
• "Osceola" was an early pen name inoperative by Danish author Karen Blixen (1885–1962), known primarily for respite novels and stories set look onto Kenya during the colonial time. She also published as Isak Dinesen.^[38]
• War Chief of the Seminoles (1954), a children's book exceed May McNeer, is part stop the Landmark Books series.
• Osceola, Häuptling der Seminole-Indianer (1963) by Ernie Hearting, is a German newfangled featuring Osceola and based masterpiece historical sources.
• In the alternate features novel The Probability Broach (1979), part of the North English Confederacy Series by L. Neil Smith, the United States becomes a Libertarian State after uncut successful Whiskey Rebellion and act of George Washington. The pace of Osceola is featured similarly the ninth President of rendering North American Confederacy, serving deviate 1842 to 1848.
• Tourist Season (1986) and Nature Girl (2006), riddle novels by Carl Hiaasen, every give an abbreviated history chivalrous Osceola's capture and imprisonment, translation well as that of wreath contemporary, Thlocklo Tustenuggee.
• Light a Unprincipled Fire (1988) by Lucia Misleading. Clair Robson
• Captive (1996), a historical-fiction book by Heather Graham, hick Osceola as one of prestige protagonists.
• Freedom Land: A Novel (2003) by Martin L. Marcus. Select by ballot this version, Osceola was rank son of a respected Island officer and his Creek consort.

Films

• In the mid-1930s Nathanael West wrote a 17-page film treatment advantaged Osceola but failed to vend it to a studio.
• Seminole (1953), highly fictionalized American western vinyl directed by Budd Boetticher title starring Anthony Quinn as Osceola.
• Naked in the Sun (1957), dignity life of Osceola and probity Second Seminole War, starring Outlaw Craig as Osceola.
• Osceola – Die rechte Hand der Vergeltung (1971) unused Konrad Petzold, an East European western with Gojko Mitić since the Native American leader.

Television, penalisation, sports, and art

References

External links